I'm not a film critic. A mere amateur at
most. Therefore, the analysis I propose in the next lines will not aim the work
of a director, a few actors or a soundtrack composer. I will try to speak about
something I know a little more: Somali piracy. I had occasion to see Captain Phillips some days ago. It left me a bittersweet taste. I actually enjoyed more the documentary Stolen Seas
or the Danish film A Hijacking. In
any case, Hollywood
has dared to show Somali piracy. And thanks for that.
Captain Phillips narrates the story
of the Maersk Alabama, a container
ship American flag, boarded by four Somali pirates in 2009. The assault
occurred around 300 miles
off the Somali coast (see image).
The first American-flagged ship hijacked by pirates
in the modern era. Crew was American too. The pirates captured Captain Richard Phillips
and several other crew members after boarding. The vessel experienced an unusual situation. Five hours after being
hijacked, the seamen on watch at the time stabbed one pirate in the hand. The captured pirate was the band's
leader. The two sides agreed to exchange hostages. The crew released their
hostage. But the pirates refused to let Captain free, holding him in the
lifeboat.
An American destroyer, the USS
Bainbridge, was in contact with the container ship. President Obama authorized
the use of force to free Phillips if his life was in danger. US navy special
forces were dropped by parachute at night close to the destroyer. The action
came as one of the four pirates aboard the USS
Bainbridge, supposedly negotiating. Vice admiral William Gortney, commander of the US fifth fleet,
said that when all three
pirates where in their sights with their heads and shoulders exposed the
sharpshooters opened fire simultaneously hitting each of the pirates in the
head.
It was the first time in modern history that the United States had custody a pirate
who had attacked an American citizen.
The movie is based upon the book that Captain Richard
Phillips wrote in 2010, entitled A Captain's Duty: Somali
Pirates, Navy SEALS , and Dangerous Days at Sea.
When Captain comes to the port of Salalah ,
in Oman ,
is worried. We must tighten the security, he says. Doors and passageways must
be closed to prevent easy access. But here the first surprise of the film: the
day before the hijacking the vessel suffered a boarding attempt. It failed
because the engine of the skiff handled by pirates was broken. This attempt is
produced when sailors participate in a security drill to counter a pirate attack. Most of the crew members
locked themselves in the engine room. Captain and officers remain on the
bridge. The reluctance with which the crew performed the drill is obvious...
until they are surprised by the attack, of course.
One member of the crew, Matt Fisher, sent an email to a colleague days after
the incident: “The
pirates got up to the bridge very quickly once they were onboard. We had a
locked cage door over the ladder well from main deck, but it only took a second
for them to shoot it off. They then got to the bridge up the outside ladders”.
Fisher wrote that Captain Phillips and three other sailors stayed on the bridge
when the pirates arrived. One sailor kept watch in the engine control room, he
said, while another “was out on deck tracking the pirates' movement”. “We kept
swinging the rudder side to side"”, Fisher wrote. “The pirates' boat
capsized, though I'm not sure exactly when or what caused it. After about 20
minutes, the engine was killed, I don't know by whom”. Fisher said the sailors
were safe, since the pirates had no grenades and would never have been able
break through with only firearms. The only problem, he said, was the heat and a
shortage of water. An obvious planning error. But the Captain
did not think about it. How is it possible if the ship had suffered an attack
just a few hours earlier?
Learned lessons? Yes. Listen to Fisher: “Have a
well-fortified location with food and water supply. Kill all the lights. Leave
the alarms going, the noise helped cover our movements through the house.
Flashlights and radios are very handy, as well as the sound-powered phone”.
This strategy, called safe room or citadel, has avoided in recent years tens of
hijackings. Pirates board the ship, but they are unable to take control because the vessel
crew has all successfully sought refuge. Pirates attempt to gain access to citadels
by forcing locks, by removal of hinges and by pulling off a door utilising
ships tools. If they don’t gain access, they will leave the ship.
By the day of the final assault fires hoses are activated to prevent pirates to
gain access to the ship deck. One of them does not work. The first officer tried
to repair it just in the attack putting his life at risk. A drill or a security plan, should not have included a complete
check of fire fighting equipment? By the
gap left by this malfunctioning hose pirates will gain access to the deck.
John Reinhart, the President and CEO of Maersk Line, said during a news conference: “The
Maersk Alabama’s crewmembers were
trained to deal with pirate attacks”. Really?
Some of Phillips’s former crew members
have presented lawsuits against the owners of the hijacked
freighter. His lawyer recently said: the real heroes are the
members of the U.S. Navy who rescued the Captain. According to the law firm, “the
pirate hijacking would never have taken place if not for the negligence of the
captain, shipping company, and ship operator”.
In a moment of the film, Captain Phillips is reading some piracy reports. What
could they say? The following map shows the attacks in 2009 near the position where
Alabama
was hijacked. Hijack locations appear in red, failed attempts in
yellow, and suspicious approaches in purple.
As you can see, the risk was extremely high. Even more. If we analyze piracy
attacks in the area since 2005, we have the following map.
In another moment of the film, after the first attack,
the crew begged Captain
Phillips not to go so close to the Somali coast. Captain answers: around 300 miles there is a
piracy group. Around 600
miles there is another one. True. But Captain should know that over 600 miles the chances of
being hijacked were low. Were there economic reasons to sail close to the
coast? Cost of fuel, for example?
Even more, three days before the attack, Somali
pirates had hijacked five vessels (see image):
A
week later of the Alabama
attack, pirates failed
to board another American vessel: the bulk carrier Liberty Sun. Pirates in a
skiff armed with automatic weapons and RPG approached the ship. Ship increases
speed, took evasive manoeuvres and crew activated fire hoses. The Liberty Sun's 20-man crew hid in the
engine room when the fireworks began and stayed there until a U.S. Navy force
arrived. Liberty Sun thwarted the
hijacking. What about the Maersk Alabama?
In my opinion, Captain Phillips was
a hero after the hijacking. But,
could he put into practice more anti piracy measures to prevent pirates to gain
access to the desk? Thwarting the hijacking:
Isn’t that the real heroism?
In response
to these two attacks on U.S. flagged vessels, the United States Coast Guard
issued the Maritime Security Directive 104-6 (rev. 2). U.S. flagged vessels were required
to submit security plans for vessels that operate in high risk waters and these
vessels should have security protocols for terrorism, piracy, and armed robbery
against ships that meet the performance standards in this directive.
Maersk Alabama was attacked by Somali pirates four times
more. In November of 2009, September of 2010, March and May of 2011. The ship
thwarted all them. How? Using armed guards to deter pirates. Nowadays, over 80% of the ships attacked
have private armed security teams aboard.
©Fernando Ibáñez.
Director of online course: Modern Maritime Piracy: The Case of Somalia in International Institute for Defence & Security: http://www.cisde.es/ficha_curso_en?id=18
Co-author of Analysis of the Somali pirate attacks in the Indian Ocean (2005-2011): Evolution and Modus Operandi. Journal of the Spanish Institute of Strategic Studies. Madrid , 2013 [In English]: http://revista.ieee.es/index.php/ieee/article/view/36/75
Author
of The threat of maritime piracy to international
security: the case of Somalia . Ministry
of Defence, Spanish Institute of Strategic Studies. Collection of Doctoral Thesis, Madrid , 2013 [In Spanish]: http://www.portalcultura.mde.es/publicaciones/publicaciones/Defensa_y_Seguridad/publicacion_4066.html